A guide to British cheese varieties

Fresh cheeses are made to be eaten as soon as they’ve been made – there’s no need to let them age or mature whatsoever. Because of this they still contain a lot of moisture, so don’t last anywhere near as long as drier, firmer cheeses. Because they’re not ripened like other varieties, fresh cheeses tend to be milky white in colour with a bright, fresh and sweet flavour. In the UK, the majority of artisan fresh cheeses are made using goat’s or ewe’s milk, although there are some British producers making fantastic versions of continental varieties such as mozzarella, halloumi and ricotta.

The majority of British cheeses fall into this category as almost all our historic varieties – known as territorials – are made in this way. The cheese is pressed after being made to remove as much moisture as possible, meaning it will last longer and develop a stronger flavour. The cheese can be pressed and then matured for anything from one month to over two years, allowing for a huge variety of textures and flavours.

Younger hard cheeses tend to be crumblier in texture with a fresh, lactic and lemony flavour (think Wensleydale or Cheshire), while more mature varieties develop salt crystals, making them crunchy and more savoury (like cheddar and Lincolnshire Poacher). All types of milk are used to make hard cheeses and as well as being pressed, some varieties are bound in cloth, aged in caves, blended with herbs and spices or smoked.

This category is traditionally associated with France, the birthplace of Brie and Camembert – two of the world’s most famous soft cheeses. But the past few decades has seen a swathe of new British cheesemakers beating the French at their own game, producing fantastic soft varieties that are just as good as their continental counterparts.

Like fresh cheeses, soft varieties have a high moisture content, but have been allowed to ripen and mature so they can develop a more complex flavour. The curds are left to settle rather than being pressed and almost always develop a ‘bloomy’ rind, which is created by spraying a mould such as pennicillium candidum or penicillium camemberti over the surface. This is what gives soft cheeses their velvety, oozing texture – the bacteria in the rind slowly breaks down the fats and proteins in the cheese, resulting in a creamy, runny centre. While most soft cheeses are made in a similar way to Brie or Camembert, there are some more unusual varieties – usually made with goat’s milk – that come in the form of a log, are rolled in ash or flavoured with spices.

There are a number of British cheeses – particularly the more modern ones – which sit between soft and hard in terms of texture. Naturally, these fit into the semi-soft (also known as semi-hard) category. They tend to have either a rubbery texture (such as the nettle leaf-wrapped Cornish Yarg) or are more similar to soft, bloomy rind cheeses, with a centre that’s still smooth and creamy that stops short of becoming runny.

Washed-rind cheeses tend to fall into the semi-soft category. These are cheeses that have been brushed, soaked or sprayed with liquid – usually brine or alcohol – during maturation. This results in amazing rinds full of colour and texture as well as a particularly pungent smell (Stinking Bishop is the most famous example). However, they usually taste much milder than their aroma suggests – it’s the rind that delivers the more complex smell and flavour.